experiment.

Un televisor es un aparato electrónico destinado a la recepción y reproducción de señales de televisión. Usualmente consta de una pantalla y mandos o controles. La palabra viene del griego tele (τῆλε; lejos) y latín vis (ver).
Su funcionamiento se fundamenta en el fenómeno de la fotoelectricidad, que es el responsable de la transformación de la luz en corriente eléctrica en una cámara que se puede trasmitir por ondas de alta frecuencia hasta las antenas de recepción y se reproduce en la pantalla de nuestros televisores. El televisor es uno de los aparatos de más uso cotidiano.
ResoluciónLa Resolución en píxeles es la cantidad de puntos individuales llamados píxeles en una pantalla dada. Una resolución típica de 720x480 significa que la pantalla del televisor tiene 720 píxeles horizontales y 480 píxeles en el eje vertical, la resolución afecta la nitidez de la imagen, Cuanto mayor la resolución de una pantalla, mayor es su nitidez. La primera resolución tenía 48 líneas y cada una de las fábricas usaba sistemas diferentes. La estandarización de estos sistemas comienza en julio de 1941 cuando se logró el sistema NTSC, válido para todos los estados de Estados Unidos, de 325 líneas. Europa logró un sistema de 625 líneas al término de la guerra, Francia poseía uno propio de 819 líneas e Inglaterra mantuvo el suyo de 405 líneas. Posteriormente el sistema NTSC fue mejorado

Resístanse:
Nichrome resists more the current tan copper. Nichrome has a bigger resistance than copper.
Every material has an electrical resistance. The greater the material´s resistance, the smaller is the current which through it.
Conductors like copper and aluminum have very low resistances. They carry large currents well but insulators have very large resistances. They only allow small currents to flow through them.
When the current flows through a wire, electrical energy is changed to heat energy.
When a current is pushed through a high resistance wire by a large voltage large amounts of heat are produced

Portable power packs.
If you are going to be absolutely correct, you should call a torch battery a dry cell. Is called dry because it has no liquid in it a battery is made up from a collection of cells joined together. A 9v. Transistor radio battery contains small calls joined in series a 12v. Car battery contains six 2v. Lead-acid cells joined in series.
There are many different cells in use today. Here six of them, with their advantages and disadvantages.
The dry cell:
Is the most commonly used cells. It is often used intorches.It is cheap, easily carried and has no liquid to spill.
The mercury cell:
Can be made into small ´´button cells´´. Even very small mercury cells can produce large currents for a short time or small currents for a long time.
The lead-acid cell:
Can produce large currents. A battery of lead-acid cells can produce the large current needed to start a car. The cell can be recharged when flat. It is heavy and contains acid which can spill.
The reserve cell:
Does not work until salt water is added. Then it can give a high current for a short time or a small current for a long time.
The lithium cell:
Is small and light. It is very reliable and long lasting. Lithium cells are expensive.
The nickel-cadmium cell:
Is the rechargeable battery sold in the shops? It is light and is completely sealed. It cannot give very large currents and is expensive.
Questions.
1 What is a battery?-Is a dry cell.
How a car battery is made up?-it´s made up from a collection of cells joined together.
2Heaning acids only use small currents. Suggest two reasons why a mercury cell is a good cell for running a hearing acid.
Because it has a long current and a short current.
3. A) suggest reasons why the dry cell is the most commonly used cell.
-It is cheap, easily carried and has no liquid to spill
b) If you leave a torch on, the bulb gradually gets glimmer. Why?
4 One of the six cells can be found in a life raft. Which cell is this? The reserve cell:
Does not work until salt water is added.
Why might it be used for?
Then it can give a high current for a short time or a small current for a long time.

Why might it be used for?
5try to find out: What heart Pacemakers are. Then suggest why lithium cells are used to power them?
Un marcapasos cardíaco es un aparato pequeño que ayuda a que su corazón lata más uniformemente. Una células especiales dentro del corazón emiten impulsos eléctricos a los músculos del corazón para que este lata. Estas células se denominan células marcapasos. Si algo previene que las células marcapasos ejecuten su función, su corazón no puede latir normalmente. Los médicos pueden colocar un marcapasos artificial compuesto de electrodos (alambres delgados flexibles) y un generador (baterías).

moving charges.

U can do some hair rising experiments with a van de Graff generator. This is a machine for building up and storing electric charge, when it´s switched on, negative charge collected on the dump. The dump becomes negatively charge.
STORING CHARGE:
If u stands on a piece of plastic and touches the dump your body collects extra negative charge from the dump. That´s when your hair stands on end. Each hair becomes negatively charge the hairs repeal each other.
LOSING CHARGE:
If u then touch water tap your body loses this charge. Your hair goes back to normal. The charges flow from your body alone the water pipe to the air. You can feel them go, your fingers tingle.
FLOW OF CHARGE:
There are two good wishes of showing this flow of charge. You can connect a neon bull between the generator and the water tap. The bull glows as the charges flow fluid. You can also connect in a meter which meters small electric currents. The flow of charge through the meter makes the meter needle move

Electric sparks:
1: why do clouds become charged? Because they contains tiny crystals of ice which are constantly moving and rubbing on each other.
2- What is a flash of lightning? When is a lightning produced? Is an avalanche of electrons?
It´s produced when a thundercloud can become so highly charged that huge numbers of electrons jump the gap between a cloud and earth.
3- What special precautions are taken in factories using flammable materials? Why are these precautions taken? The workers have to wear special shoes and clothes which don´t build up charges. Because even the smallest spark can produce an explosion.
4- Have you ever produced sparks? If so, explain what happened. Yes I did, when I was near to the TV and it give me a little bit of charge and then I touch another person because we have different charges so it produces a little sparks.
5- Airplanes become charged up when they fly through clouds. Explain why.
´cause they have to cross the clouds so the airplane takes the charge of the clouds and they don´t have any form to throw the energy to the earth, so when it arrive it throw the energy to the earth.
6- What causes a clap of thunder? The energy of the clouds and the energy of the earth found each other and when it happened it produce sound.
- Why tall buildings have lightning conductors?
- Cause is more probable that a spark fall in the tall buildings so they need a conductor to can throw all the energy that can fall in the building and throw it to the earth

Electric circuits:
An electric circuit is a path along which electricity can flow. To make up a circuit you need a battery, a bulb and two wires. The wires and used to join the battery to the bulb. The batteries job is to push an electric current trough the wires and the bulb. The bulb lights up as the current flows I through it.
Meters and switches:
If you want to measure the size of the current, you have to put a meter into the circuit. Current is measure in amperes (A) or amps for short.
The meter for measuring current is called an ammeter.
If you want to turn the bulb on and off easily you should use a switch. A switch works by opening and closing a gap in the circuit. When the switch is turned off, a gap opens up. This stops the flow of current all round the circuit.
When the switch is turned on, the gap is closed this makes a complete circuit and the current can flow.

Currents.
In a series circuit the same current flows through each part of the circuit. There is only one path for the current to flow round. Circuits A and Bare series circuits.
In a parallel circuit the current divides when ir comes to a junction. Part of the currents flows through the other branch. Part of it flows through the other. The bulbs in circuit C and D are joined in parallel.
When two branches have the same resistance, the same current flows through each branch

Conductor and insulators.

Conductors: a substance which allows electricity to flow through it, f. ex copper are used to carry current, electric current is carried round your home by copper wires.
Iron silver, tin, aluminum, gold, mercury and carbon are conductors
Insulators: a substance which does not allow electricity to flow through it. Insulators are used for safety. The electricity used in your home can be dangerous. You could easily be killed if you touched a bare wire. That is why plugs and wires are covered with insulators like: rubber, plastic, wood, wool, paper, glass, sting, nylon etc…..

Making the right connectors.
The quiz board
The railway signal
When a battery is working, the energy change is:
Chemical energy---- to electrical energy.
The battery´s chemical energy is used up pushing a current round the circuit. The ´´electrical push´´ which the battery gives to the current is called the voltage. It is measured in different volts (v) on a volt-meter.
Different batteries produce different voltages. The bigger voltage supplied by the battery the bigger will be the current that flows in a circuit.

Electricity.
Is a kind of energy. It has two different kinds of charge: positive charge and negative charge.
+ And +: repel.
-And +: repel.
+and -: attract.
Before rubbing, the pen has equal numbers of positive and negative charges. The changes when the pen is electrically neutral.
When the pen is rubbed with other thing, negative charges travel from the other thing to the pen. The pen now has more negative charges than positive charges. It has become negatively charged, because the negative charges have left the other thing, it now has more positive charges than negative, it has become positively charged.
Atoms contain negatively charged particles: electrons.
Positively charged particles: protons.
Neutral particles: neutrons.

Genes.
Whether you are naturally tall or small, blond or brown haired, blue or green eyed, left or right handed; depends largely on the genes in your body cells.
A gene is a part of one of the chromosome threads inside the nucleus of each cell, those control the characteristics which are passed on from parents o their children.
When an egg is fertilized two sets of genes are put together, one set comes from the father in the sperms chromosomes and the other set from the mother in the egg´s chromosomes. Each carries half of the total instructions for the new human. Those genes passed carry instructions about body characteristics like height, hair color and eye color.
Dominant genes: the genes with ´´stronger ´´ or dominant instructions will control happens.
Heredity: is the passing on of characteristics from one generation to the next.
Chromosomes: are fine threads of material for carry instructions. There are 10.000 genes on each chromosome.
Human cells have 46 chromosomes. Sperm and eggs have only half that number. When a sperm and eggs join a new being begins to grow.


The three man stages of cells division.
First stage: Each chromosome makes an exact copy of itself.
The copies separate one chromosome from each pair goes to opposite sides of the cell.
Third stage: The cell divides. New nuclei form. Each daughter cell has the same chromosomes as the parent.

Baby: the first nine months.
WE used to thinking of a baby being age 0 on the day it is born. But it has been growing for about nine months before it enters the world. This is what happens in the nine month (38 weeks) before is born.
Week 0--- egg is fertilized in the tube.
Week 1---- Embryo becomes attached to the womb.
Week 2----Embryo´s eyes being to develop. Its legs and arms are tiny bumps.
Week 6----Embryo begins to look like a human. Ears, hands and feet begin to grow, heart begins to beat.
Week 10---Baby´s finger and toes grown .It can move its arms and legs a little, it can even swallow.
Week 14---If doctors could see the baby, they could tell if it was boy or a girl.
Week 18---Baby has hair .eyebrows. Doctors can hear its heart beat. It can move…mother begins to feel its kicks.
Week 26---Baby opens its eyes.
Week 30--- If born now, the baby could live with special care.
Week 34---Bay has grown a lot of fat in the last four weeks, to keep it warm when it is born.
Week 38---Baby is born.

1. Where is an egg:
A) Produced:in the ovary.
B) Fertilised:Fallopian tube tubes.

2. When the body is in the womb:
a) How does it get food and oxygen?by the umbilical cord.
b) How is it protected? by the placenta.
3. What are contractions?A contraction is when your uterus tightens and sqeezes the baby, this results in your cervix dilating so your baby can come down the birth canal.

4. How is a baby born? it can be by cesary or by normaly born.
5. Why does the growing embryo depend on the cord? causwee it gives to it the food and the oxygen,nutrients and everything it needs.
6. Why can the cord be safely cut once the baby is born? ´cause now the baby can breathe for himself and don't need more the cord.
7. Is a woman begins to release eggs at the age of 15, and stops releasing them at 45, how many eggs will she produce? she produce like 1.540 in 45 years.
8. Try to find out:
-What special foods a mother to be should have in her diet, and why? she needs the basical alimentary .fish,eggs,milk,juice.because she need to give the apropiate nutries to the baby.

CELL IN THE INTESTINE:

Intestine cell: cell which take in or absorb food.
Fat cell: cells which store food.
Nerve cell: cells which carry messages round the body.
Red blood cell: cells which carry chemicals round your body.
Cells in the nose: cells which allow chemicals to pass through channels between them.
Cells in the wall of a blood capillary: cell with tiny hairs which more liquids over their surface.

Fertilisation.

Has to take place before a new animal can grow .The sperm and the egg join up, making a fertilised egg.The new animal grows from this fertilised egg which divides,producing more and more cells.

¿Qué sucede con la presión si aplicamos calor? Para dar respuesta a esta pregunta, observemos lo que sucede en el experimento de la botella plástica. Cuando aplicamos calor a la botella, calor que viene desde nuestras manos, observamos que la moneda sobre la boca de la botella, de un momento a otro, salta. Este fenómeno nos sugiere que, al aplicar calor al gas, este aumentó su presión, de modo que en la boca de la botella se produjo una diferencia de presión (valores diferentes de la presión entre dos puntos del espacio), que se traduce en una fuerza neta hacia arriba que hace saltar la moneda.
Publicado por LAURA en 10:58 0 comentarios

1. Con el clavo y el martillo realizamos un agujero en la tapa del bote de cristal. Cuidado con el martillo.2. Metemos la cañita tal como vemos en la imagen.3. Llenamos de agua el tarro (unos dos cm) y colocamos la tapa. Es importante que no entre aire en el tarro. Ponemos pegamento en la unión de la cañita con el agujero de la tapa y, si es necesario, podemos sellar la tapa del bote con cinta aislante.4. Rodeamos el bote con nuestras manos.Vemos que sube agua por la cañita.Explicación:La temperatura de nuestro cuerpo es superior a la temperatura del frasco de cristal.Al rodear el bote con nuestras manos, suministramos energía al frasco de cristal y aumenta la temperatura del aire en el interior del frasco. Dicho aumento de temperatura produce un aumento de la presión en el interior del frasco que empuja el líquido que sube por la cañita.Si abrimos la tapadera del frasco, la presión en el interior recupera su valor original y el líquido que sube por la cañita cae al frasco.

Reproduction in Animals.

only the simplest animals reproduce by dividing in two.Most animals including humans,produce special sex cells for reproduction.

there are usually two types of sex cells.the smaller of the two can move on its own.It is called the male cell or sperm.The longer one can not move on its own .its called the female cell or egg.

Human sex cells and Human reproductive organs.

Temperature.

In physics, temperature is a physical property of a system that underlies the common notions of hot and cold; something that feels hotter generally has the higher temperature. Temperature is one of the principal parameters of thermodynamics. If no heat flow occurs between two objects, the objects have the same temperature; otherwise heat flows from the hotter object to the colder object. This is the content of the zeroth law of thermodynamics. On the microscopic scale, temperature can be defined as the average energy in each degree of freedom in the particles in a system. Because temperature is a statistical property, a system must contain a few particles for the question as to its temperature to make any sense.

The temperature practicly show us the heat of bodys,the difference between the clod and hot things.

Temperature is measured with thermometers that may be calibrated to a variety of temperature scales. In most of the world (except for Belize, Myanmar, Liberia and the United States), the Celsius scale is used for most temperature measuring purposes.

Thermometer.

An instrument used to measure temperature. There are many types of thermometers; the most common consist of a closed, graduated glass tube in which a liquid expands or contracts as the temperature increases or decreases. Other types of thermometers work by detecting changes in the volume or pressure of an enclosed gas or by registering thermoelectric changes in a conductor (such as a thermistor or thermocouple).

Types of thermometers.

primary thermometers the measured property of matter is known so well that temperature can be calculated without any unknown quantities. Examples of these are thermometers based on the equation of state of a gas, on the velocity of sound in a gas, on the thermal noise (see Johnson–Nyquist noise) voltage or current of an electrical resistor, and on the angular anisotropy of gamma ray emission of certain radioactive nuclei in a magnetic field. Primary thermometers are relatively complex.

Secondary thermometers are most widely used because of their convenience. Also, they are often much more sensitive than primary ones. For secondary thermometers knowledge of the measured property is not sufficient to allow direct calculation of temperature. They have to be calibrated against a primary thermometer at least at one temperature or at a number of fixed temperatures. Such fixed points, for example, triple points and superconducting transitions, occur reproducibly at the same temperature.

Types of burns

Burns are generally put into three categories. These classes are first, second and third degree burns. The burn category indicates the severity of the burn along with the amount of body area.

FIRST DEGREE BURNS

The first-degree burn usually produces a pink to reddish color on the burned skin. Mild swelling, tenderness and pain are also symptoms of a first-degree burn. This is the least serious type of burn and involves only the upper layer of skin, the epidermis. For these minor burns, the victim should cool with plain water and use non-prescription antibiotic creams. These burns usually heal on their own within a few days with little or no scarring. However, if a first-degree burn is over a large area of the body, seek emergency medical attention. Also, if an infant or elderly person suffers any type of burn, even minor, obtain medical assistance promptly.

SECOND DEGREE BURNS

Second-degree burns involve the epidermis and the second skin layer, the dermis. The epidermis is destroyed and burned-through in a second-degree burn. There are the same symptoms of pain and swelling but the skin color is usually a bright red and blisters are produced. Usually second-degree burns produce scarring. Second degree burns may take from one to three weeks to heal but are considered minor if they cover no more than 15% of the total body area in adults and 10% body area in children. These burns require medical attention and medication to heal properly. Call for immediate medical help as soon as the burn occurs and do not apply any type of butter or greasy substance to the burn. This can hamper cooling of the burn area and also do further damage. Consult medical personnel about whether or not to administer fluids to victim before arriving at a hospital.

THIRD DEGREE BURNS
The third-degree burn may appear charred or have patches which appear white, brown or black. Both the dermis and epidermis are destroyed and other organs, tissues and bones may also be involved. Third-degree burns are considered the most serious. They produce deep scars that many times require cosmetic or reconstructive surgery and skin grafts. Pain may or may not be present since usually nerve endings which transmit pain have been destroyed in this type burn.

Heat.

In physics and thermodynamics, heat is the process of energy transfer from one body or system to another due to a difference in temperature. In thermodynamics, the quantity TdS is used as a representative measure of the (inexact) heat differential δQ, which is the absolute temperature of an object multiplied by the differential quantity of a system's entropy measured at the boundary of the object.
A related term is thermal energy, loosely defined as the energy of a body that increases with its temperature. Heat is also loosely referred to as thermal energy, although many definitions require this thermal energy to actually be in the process of movement between one body and another to be technically called heat (otherwise, many sources prefer to continue to refer to the static quantity as "thermal energy"). Heat is also known as "Energy".

So we can say that the heat is one kind of energy named by differents forms.

HEAT TRANMISSION.

Heat transmission is a process by which heat flows from a region of higher temperature to region of lower temperature. This may take place via one or more media of transmission. There can be three possible ways of heat transmission: conduction, radiation and convection.
Heat is a form of energy that is said to be in transit, that is, constantly flowing in order to stabilize the temperatures in the surrounding. It raises the temperature of the substance which is at a lower temperature and lowers the temperature of the substance which is at a higher temperature. Heat can flow from a lower to a higher temperature only if active work is involved in the heat transfer.

Methods of heat tranmissionr

Conduction.
Conduction is a form of heat transfer between bodies or within a body. Such a form of heat transmission requires physical contact between bodies or portions of bodies exchanging heat. Heat energy is transferred across molecules having higher energy to those with lower energy in order to bring about equilibrium. Such a form of heat transmission can be observed in a metal spoon being heated at the handle after being dipped in a bowl of hot water.

Radiation.
The phenomenon of radiation does not require contact or the presence of any matter between the bodies involved in heat exchange. Heat is transmitted by infrared radiation, which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum. The heat from the sun is transmitted to the Earth and other planets in this manner.

Convection.
Heat transmission by convection takes place by virtue of the motion of molecules of a gas or a liquid. This happens when the liquid or gas is in contact with a solid body which is at a lower or a higher temperature. Such a form of heat transmission is seen in centrally cooled rooms.

Sound.

En física, sonido es cualquier fenómeno que involucre la propagación en forma de ondas elásticas audibles o casi audibles, generalmente a través de un fluido (u otro medio elástico) que este generando movimiento vibratorio de un cuerpo.
El sonido humanamente audible consiste en ondas sonoras consistentes en oscilaciones de la presión del aire, que son convertidas en ondas mecánicas en el oído humano y percibidas por el cerebro. La propagación del sonido es similar en los fluidos, donde el sonido toma la forma de fluctuaciones de presión. En los cuerpos sólidos la propagación del sonido involucra variaciones del estado tensional del medio.
La propagación del sonido involucra transporte de energía sin transporte de materia, en forma de ondas mecánicas que se propagan a través de la materia sólida, líquida o gaseosa.

EXplicasion de Wikipedia.

Podemos decir en palabras mas simples que el Sonido es una propagacion de energia por medio de ondas audibles,sin transportar materia.

Clasificacion de sonidos:

se establece una clasificación de los sonidos, que por su indeseabilidad son considerados
como ruidos, de acuerdo a su presentación temporal y conforme a su estructura de componentes
Esta clasificación se emplea para establecer una diferenciación de las diversas formas de energía acústica,
consideradas como ruido, que al ser emitidas por una fuente fija o móvil casan contaminación del ambiente.
De esta manera pueden ser simplificados los diversos métodos de medición y de control de la mencionada
contaminación ambiental por ruidos, en su descripción y aplicación.
2. REFERENCIAS
2.1. DGN-C-92 "TERMINOLOGIA DE MATERIALES AISLANTES".
2.2. DGN-J-149 "TERMINOLOGIA DE ELECTROACUSTICA".
3. TERMINOLOGIA
3.1. Banda de espectro
Es el ámbito e intervalo cerrado de frecuencias, cuyos límites superior o inferior están determinados por las
frecuencias de aquellas componentes cuyo nivel de presión acústico excede 10 dB sobre el nivel de
referencia de 20m Pa
3.2. Diagrama espectro-temporal de ruido.
Es una representación funcional enmarcada en una referencia ortogonal de tres dimensiones, de los niveles
de presión acústica de todas las frecuencias de un ruido, respecto al tiempo transcurrido desde su emisión.
Las dimensiones de este diagrama son frecuencia-tiempo-nivel de presión acústica.
3.3. Diagrama temporal.
Es una representación funcional enmarcada en una referencia ortogonal, de los máximos niveles de presión
acústica de un ruido, respecto al tiempo transcurrido desde su emisión. Las dimensiones de este diagrama
son tiempo-nivel de presión acústica.
3.4. Espectro de banda amplia.
Es el espectro cuya banda tiene un diámetro mayor o igual a 1/3 del ámbito de audio frecuencia,
considerado éste en escala logarítmica, siendo su valor medio cualquier frecuencia dentro de dicho ámbito.
3.5. Espectro de banda angosta.
Es el espectro cuya banda tiene un diámetro menor a 1/3 del ámbito de audio frecuencia, considerado éste
en escala logarítmica, siendo su valor medio cualquier frecuencia dentro de dicho ámbito.
3.6. Espectro continuo
Es aquel que presenta un número infinito de componentes dentro de su banda.
3.7. Espectro gaussiano.
Es aquel cuyas componentes presentan una distribución estadística normal de sus niveles de presión
acústica respecto a la frecuencia, es decir muestran una función dada por la fórmula.

nuclear energy

dimensions:

length(l): is the distance between to bodies in(si) this is measured in meters .we also use centimetres or kilometres.we used rulers,measuring tapes an so on when we are measuring length.
surface area(s): is the space pccupied by two dimensions.length and width. in(si)united we measured sourface area in square meters. and other very common united is squares centemeres.
volume(v)is the total space occupied bu a body. its often measured in litres even in the(si) is the cubic metre. the volume of liquids or solids can be measured using measuring cylindres. in the case of the regular geometric SHAPES.WE CAN use mathematical formulas. for example the volumen of a sphere with radios(r)

what is matter?

everything that suround us is made up od matter.the air,the animal,rocks,plants,everythiong.we could define matter as all that occupies space and can be weighed.even gassses which are very an inflated balloon we can see that it weighs slightly more than un.inflated balloon.when we are studing matter we lengt,surface,area,vilume,mass,density or termperature.so that we are old using the same unites in science,we used what is called the international system of unites.

movement and force

movement:
classisy movements depending on their trajectory and the constancy or not of the speed of state of the bodies,whike they change place or position.

Alternative sources of energy

Renewable or exhaustible The power plants can be divided in two great sub-groups: permanent (renewable) and weathers (exhaustible). In principle, the permanent fonts are those that have solar origin, of facts all we know that the Sun will remain by more time than the human species. Even so, the renovabilidad concept depends on the time scale that are used and the rate of use of the resources. Therefore, the fossil fuels consider nonrenewable sources since the rate of use is far beyond the rate of formation of the own resource. In the following table we provided information to you on the primary energy sources that are used at the moment. You complete the two last columns, marking with a cross the corresponding square. Renewable or Exhaustible?

Fossil energy:
The fossil fuels can be used in solid form (coal) or soda water (natural gas). They are accumulations of alive beings who lived million ago years. In the case of the coal one is forests of marshy zones, and in the case of petroleum and the natural gas of great masses of accumulated marine plankton at heart of the sea. In both cases the organic matter was disturbed partially for want of oxygen, so that they were stored molecules with connections of high energy.

Hydraulic energy:
The accumulated potential energy in the water jumps can be transformed into electrical energy. The hydroelectric power stations take advantage of energy the rivers to put into operation turbines that drag a generator ELT.

Energy of the biomass:
The biomass, from the power point of view, is considered like the set of the organic matter, of vegetal origin or animal, that is susceptible to be used with purposes energetics. It also includes the materials coming from the natural or artificial transformation of the organic matter

solar energy:
The pick up of the solar radiation serves so much to transform the solar energy into heat (thermal), like generating electricity (photovoltaic)

geometric energy:
Part of the internal Earth heat (5.000ºC) arrives at the terrestrial crust. In some zones of the planet, near the surface, the underground waters can reach temperatures of boiling, and, therefore, to serve to drive electrical turbines or to warm up.

Nuclear energy:
The atomic nucleus of heavy elements like uranium, can be disintegrated (nuclear fission) and to release radiating and kinetic energy. The thermonuclear power stations take advantage of this energy to produce electricity by means of aqueous vapour turbines.

Gravitational energy:
The attraction of the Sun and the Moon that originates the tides can be taken advantage of to generate electricity.

Energy souces

throughout history people have obteined energy form their own muscles,animal, the wind,running water,several types of fuel(wood,coal,oil,petroleum,etc...) and electricity.
Of course tradicional sources of energy are still being used.
Examples:
Muscular energy in order to carry out certain tasks, animals for pulling cars,ploughing the land in developing countries, air currents dor sailing boats, wind farms, runnings water for bolires,electricity for house-hold,electrical aplicances industrial machinery.

Sources	Advantages
MUSCULAR	Move different things, to can drive, to can talk, to can walk and run, to can take more energy like eating
ANIMALS	It give food to others animals and humans, and to help us to make hard works
WIND	It make possible work in the wind-mills
RUNNING WATER	To give us energy and to move things
FUEL	With this source we can use the technology ,or the most of things
ELERCTICITY	It made possible the light, and movement, to can drive ,to can use a simple computer

Materials in the atmosphere,hydrosphere and litosphere

the atmosphere is made up of mostly gaseous materials.there are also some liquid ans solid materials,like the minute drops of water and ice that made up the clouds.
as far as we are concerned the most important material in the atmosphere is the air.
air is not a gas but a mixure of gases.
it is made up of 78% nitrogen,21%oxygen and 1% other gases.

The hydrosphere or hydrosphere [1] (of Greek the hydros: water and sphaira: sphere) describes in Earth Sciences the material system constituted by the water that are low, and on the Earth surface.
The water that conforms the hydrosphere distributes between several compartment that in sequence from largest to smallest volume is: The oceans, that cover two thirds with the terrestrial surface with a typical depth of 3000 to 5000 meters.
The glaciers that cover part with the continental surface. Mainly both caps glaciers of Greenland and the Antarctic, but also glaciers of mountain and volcano, smaller extension and thickness, in all the latitudes.
The surface run-off, a very dynamic system formed by rivers and Lagos.
The underground water, that is contracted on porous rocks of more or less universal way.
In the atmosphere in the form of clouds.
In the biosphere, forming part of plants, animal and human beings

Litosphere or the lithospere:
[1] (of Greek λίθος, " piedra" and σφαίρα, " esfera") it is solid the superficial Earth layer, characterized by his rigidity. It is formed by the terrestrial crust and the contiguous zone, most external, of the residual mantle, and “it floats” on the asthenosphere, “a soft” layer that comprises of the mantle upper. It is the zone where one takes place, in interaction with the asthenosphere, the Tectonics of plates. The lithospere is fragmented in a series of tectonic or litosféricas plates, in whose edges the endogenous geologic phenomena are concentrated, like the magmatismo (including the vulcanism), the seismicity or the orogénesis. The plates can be oceanic or mixed, covers partly by crust of continental type.
According to the type of crust that contains they distinguish two types of the lithosperes:
The oceanic lithospere: She is the one that is formed by oceanic crust and residual mantle. It sets up the bottoms of the oceans and has an average thickness of 100 km but in the great mountain ranges that there are at heart of the oceans, denominated the dorsal South Sea islanders, its thickness is of only 7 km.
The continental lithospere: She is the one that is formed by continental crust and residual mantle. She is the one that constitutes the continents. It has an average thickness of about 150 km.

The materials pf the earth`s sourface

Write a list f the materials that you can see in the air,waterand on a beach itself
-Salt,sand,water
What part of the earth you can see if you stand on the seashore?
the ocean,the liquid part of the earth
when we walk on sand it appears to be very soft
are the grains of sand soft or hard?
its soft when we have many grains,but whne we touch just one its so hard
what is the relationship between thw rocks and the sand of the beach?
the sand of the beach is little rocks

material systems

when our ancestors firts made things,they used to materials they found around them such as rocks,wood,bone and animal skins.as time went on,they learned how to alter these natural materials,they learned how to make new materials.
Solids,liquids and gases. we found elements in the earth,in the sea and in the air.

Energy

many small children seem to have an endles supply of energy.this ussually leaves their parents feeling in turn that they have very little energy!.Our bodies need a constand supply of energy from the food we eat in order to work properly.Diferent forms of energy is constantly being changed form one form into an other.
Energy all around us:
Chemical energy:
they are burned to produce that energy.natural ga(methane)and other fuels contain it.
Electrical energy:is used to provide movement.
Sonud and light energy:
1.SOUND:
Sound waves require some kind of material to travel through. They can't move through a vacuum.
Sound waves move much much slower. Their speed in air is about 330 metres per second.
Sound waves are like heat conduction. No particles actually travel.

2.LIGHT:
Light waves don't require a material to travel through. They can move through a vacuum.
Light waves move very very fast. The speed of light is about 300,000 kilometres per second.
Light waves are like little particles that actually move from place to place.

Nuclear energy:
The sun and stars are seemingly inexhaustible sources of energy. That energy is the result of nuclear reactions, in which matter is converted to energy. We have been able to harness that mechanism and regularly use it to generate power. Presently, nuclear energy provides for approximately 16% of the world's electricity. Unlike the stars, the nuclear reactors that we have today work on the principle of nuclear fission. Scientists are working like madmen to make fusion reactors which have the potential of providing more energy with fewer disadvantages than fission reactors.

Investigation

TROPISMO:
movimiento total o parcial de los organismos como respuesta a un estimulo
Nastia:
Una nastia es la respuesta pasajera de determinadas zonas de un vegetal frente a un estimulo de carácter externo y difuso, basada en procesos de crecimiento o en el cambio de turgencia de grupos de células que varían su volumen mediante el control de la entrada y salida del agua; el movimiento resultante no está influido por la dirección del estímulo.
Fototropismo:
reaccion de movimiento de un organismo vegetal en respuesta a un estimulo luminoso
...es decir hace q las plantas crescan orientando sus tallos hacia el sol
Hidrotropismo:
reaccion de movimiento de un organismo vegetal orientado hacia el agua o humedad
.....los arboles perforan las cañerias por hidrotropismo
Geotropismo:
movimiento de orientacionde un organismo cuyo factor predominante es la fuerza de gravedad
las raizes tienen geotropismo positivo.pues crecen hacia el interion de la tierra